How Old Was He When Napoleon Graduated From Military School

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How Old Was He When Napoleon Graduated From Military School – Napoleon was a soldier who made himself Emperor of the French and defined Europe in the early 19th century through the Napoleonic Wars. Follow the successes and failures of the great conqueror, who was born a Corsican outsider but rose to become Europe’s greatest military mind, only to spend his last years as an exile in St Helena

Each day at Longwood House was not much different from the last. The man who lived – or was imprisoned – there would wake up early, sip a cup of tea or coffee in his white pique dressing gown and red Morocco slippers, then wash from a silver basin.

How Old Was He When Napoleon Graduated From Military School

The morning might have included a trip around the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic, 1,000 miles from anywhere, but he found it embarrassing to be followed by a British officer so called off these excursions.

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Instead Napoleon stayed in the damp, windy and rat-infested house, standing alone to be better guarded by 125 guards during the day, 72 at night. He staves off boredom by taking long baths, reading, talking with companions and dictating his memoirs.

Gardening became another passionate hobby as he considered it an expansion of territory against his prisoners. In the evening, he entertains his few friends with a five-course meal and recitations of French writers such as Molière, Corneille and Racine.

The longer he could do them, he said, meant a “victory against time”. After retiring, he slept on an iron bed in the camp, a reminder of his glory days in battle. This is how Napoleon spent the last five and a half years of his life at the end of the battle of Waterloo in 1815.

This is the man who conquered continental Europe; the greatest military mind of his, perhaps any, time; a man whose battle on the battlefield, the Duke of Wellington, described him as worth 40,000 men. He rose to become emperor of France, then fell to become the prisoner of St Helena.

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He had already escaped an internment on the island, but Napoleon’s exile to St Helena in 1815 was permanent. All at sea in the Atlantic, the last years of the fallen French leader were a battle of a different kind…

Napoleon’s career began 30 years before Waterloo, in 1785, when he graduated from the military academy in Paris. Although adept at his studies and a voracious reader of military strategies, this proved to be a trying education for the Corsican-born Napoleone di Buonaparte (he changed it to a more French-sounding name when 1796) because classmates always regarded him as an outsider, not helped by his strange accent.

When his father died, the 15-year-old became the head of his family. He brought them to France in 1793 after relations broke down with Corsica, where he advocated independence from the French. But while his beloved homeland rejected him, his adopted country offered opportunities to thrive.

Revolution swept through the country ushering in a new era, allowing the ambitious Napoleon to rise through the ranks. For his important role in the capture of the city of Toulon from the royalists, during which he received a wound in the thigh, he was made a brigadier-general at the age of 24.

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Having once again saved the republic in October 1795, he quashed an uprising in Paris that threatened to overthrow the National Convention. For this, he became military adviser to the new government, the Directory, and commander-in-chief of the French Army of Italy.

Before leaving on his highly successful Italian campaign, Napoleon became deeply infatuated with, and married, a woman six years his senior, a widow of the guillotine named Joséphine de Beauharnais. Countless letters professing his love (often using overly flowery language: “A kiss on your heart and one below, below!”) did not prevent him from getting another girlfriend When he suspected, his tone suddenly changed: “I don’t love you, not at all; on the contrary, I hate you. You are a nasty, nasty, nasty whore”.

While his marriage may have been troubled, the same cannot be said of his record on the battlefield. The campaign provided an early demonstration of his military prowess: moving troops at breakneck speed, assembling a mobile artillery, and concealing his true deployments to deceive the enemy. The ‘Little Corporal’ returns to France a hero.

Napoleon became the Directory’s only choice to lead their desired invasion of Britain. Although he quickly dismissed that idea, declaring that the French had little chance at sea against the British Navy, he suggested that an attack on Egypt could damage British trade routes to India. It was a treacherous move and got off to a triumphant start in mid-1798 with 30,000 of Napoleon’s men pouring into Malta, landing at Alexandria and defeating Egyptian forces at the battle of the Pyramids on 21 July.

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By using defensive ‘squares’, the French reportedly lost only 29 men in exchange for thousands of cavalry and infantry. The campaign, however, collapsed when the British annihilated the fleet at the Battle of the Nile on 1 August.

With his army stranded on the ground, Napoleon marched into Syria in early 1799 and began a brutal series of conquests, halting only at Acre, in modern-day Israel. Napoleon had a reputation for being dear to his men, but theories also suggest that he severely tested their loyalty by poisoning soldiers stricken with the plague so that they would not slow the retreat.

But this ultimate failure did nothing to damage Napoleon’s reputation or rise to power. Internal rifts and military losses left the French government vulnerable, and he saw an opportunity. Abandoning his army and marching it back to Paris, he and a small group staged a bloodless coup on 9 November, making him, at the age of 30, the most powerful man in France.

The uncertainty that allowed Napoleon to become First Consul had continued since the beginning of the French Revolution, so he knew he needed stability. A military man at heart, he went on a characteristic offensive by driving the Austrians out of Italy at the battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, while back home he began to build and reorganize his new Grande Armée and establish of new training academies.

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In 1802, he was able to buy himself time by signing the Treaty of Amiens with the British to restore peace to Europe, albeit an uneasy one. It only lasted a year.

What defined Napoleon’s years as First Consul were his sweeping reforms, designed with a mix of pragmatism and Enlightenment thinking. The Napoleonic Code rewrote civil law, while the judiciary, police and education systems all underwent significant changes.

Napoleon improved the infrastructure; established the country’s first central bank; the Légion d’honneur was established to recognize military and civil achievements (it remains the nation’s highest decoration); and completed the Louisiana Purchase, in which France sold large tracts of land to the United States for millions. And though far from religion itself, Napoleon signed the Concordat in 1801 with the Pope, reconciling the Catholic Church with the Revolution.

At the end of his life, Napoleon declared: “My true glory is not the 40 battles I won, because the defeat of Waterloo will destroy the memory of many victories. What will not destroy, what will live forever, is my Civil Code.”

Biography Of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander

The Napoleonic Code replaced the confusing, contradictory and scattered laws of pre-revolutionary France with a single, up-to-date set of laws.

It took four years for the country’s leading juries – with the help of Napoleon himself – to draft its 2,281 articles. Adopted on March 21, 1804, the code deals with individual and group civil rights, as well as property rights combined with liberalism and conservatism. So while all male citizens were granted equal rights, the code established women, in accordance with the general law of the time, as subordinate to their fathers or husbands.

Written very clearly and logically, and with a desire to be accessible to all, the code was introduced in the lands under Napoleon’s control and went on to influence civil codes throughout Europe and even in the Americas. Its impact can still be seen in laws today.

All the while, Napoleon made himself more powerful. In 1802, a referendum overwhelmingly anointed him ‘consul for life’, a title which however was still insufficient. Following the uncovering of an assassination attempt, Napoleon decided that the security of his regime depended on a hereditary line of succession, so he made himself emperor. So France went from monarchy to revolution to empire in 15 years.

Napoleon And Hannibal

At Napoleon’s lavish coronation in Notre-Dame Cathedral on 2 December 1804, Pope Pius VII presented the crown to the new emperor, who took it and placed it on his head, showing how he had reached the pinnacle of power in France by his own merit.

The corpulent ceremony must have angered a large number of the revolutionaries, who saw too much in common with the pomp of the royals they had removed. Their concern would only worsen when Napoleon became King of Italy in 1805, handing out titles to family and friends, and creating a monarchy once again. He wanted the nations of Europe to see France reign, but this would surely mean war.

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